Problem Link : http://www.lightoj.com/volume_showproblem.php?problem=1406
/* +-+ +-+ +-+ |R| |.| |S| +-+ +-+ +-+ */ #include <bits/stdc++.h> #define pii pair <int,int> #define sc scanf #define pf printf #define Pi 2*acos(0.0) #define ms(a,b) memset(a, b, sizeof(a)) #define pb(a) push_back(a) #define MP make_pair #define db double #define ll long long #define EPS 10E-10 #define ff first #define ss second #define sqr(x) (x)*(x) #define D(x) cout<<#x " = "<<(x)<<endl #define VI vector <int> #define DBG pf("Hi\n") #define MOD 100007 #define MAX 10000 #define CIN ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0); cin.tie(0) #define SZ(a) (int)a.size() #define sf(a) scanf("%d",&a) #define sff(a,b) scanf("%d%d",&a,&b) #define sfff(a,b,c) scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c) #define loop(i,n) for(int i=0;i<n;i++) #define REP(i,a,b) for(int i=a;i<b;i++) #define TEST_CASE(t) for(int z=1;z<=t;z++) #define PRINT_CASE printf("Case %d: ",z) #define all(a) a.begin(),a.end() #define intlim 2147483648 #define inf 1000000 #define ull unsigned long long using namespace std; vector<int>graph[16]; bool visited[16][1<<16]; bool check_vis[1<<16]; int dp[1<<16]; int n,m; void dfs(int u, int mask) { visited[u][mask]=1; check_vis[mask]=1; loop(i,SZ(graph[u])) { int v=graph[u][i]; if(!visited[v][mask|(1<<v)]) dfs(v,mask|(1<<v)); } } void allclear() { loop(i,n+1) { graph[i].clear(); } ms(visited,0); ms(check_vis,0); ms(dp,-1); } int dp_func(int mask) { int &ret = dp[mask]; if(mask==0) return 0; if(ret!=-1) return ret; ret=100; for(int i=mask; i>0; i=mask & (i-1)) { if(check_vis[i]) { ret=min(ret,1+dp_func(mask^i)); // XOR for remaining unvisited node } } return ret; } int main() { ///freopen("in.txt","r",stdin); ///freopen("out.txt","w",stdout); int t,a,b; sf(t); TEST_CASE(t) { sff(n,m); allclear(); loop(i,m) { sff(a,b); a--,b--; graph[a].pb(b); } loop(i,n) { dfs(i,1<<i); } PRINT_CASE; cout<<dp_func((1<<n)-1)<<endl; } return 0; }